1. NCHU Institution Repository
  2. 獸醫學院
  3. 獸醫學系所
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/11455/13595
標題: 台灣本土型與外來型豬瘟病毒遺傳與致病力之比較
Comparison of genetics and pathogenicity between the historical and new invaded classical swine fever viruses in Taiwan
作者: 林育如
Lin, Yu-Ju
關鍵字: classical swine fever;豬瘟病毒;historical strain;invaded strain;pathogenicity;本土型;外來型;致病力
出版社: 獸醫學系暨研究所
引用: Anonymous. 1996, OIE Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines. Lists A and B Diseases of Mammals, Birds and Bees. 3rd ed. p. 145-154. Anonymous. 2001, World Animal Health in 2001, Part 2.Tables on Animal Health Health Status and Disease Control Methods. Office International des Epizooties, Rue de Prony, Paris. Ahlquist, P., Noueiry, A.O., Lee, W.M., Kushner, D.B., Dye, B.T., 2003, Host factors in positive-strand RNA virus genome replication. J Virol 77, 8181-8186. Balmelli, C., Vincent, I.E., Rau, H., Guzylack-Piriou, L., McCullough, K., Summerfield, A., 2005, Fc gamma RII-dependent sensitisation of natural interferon-producing cells for viral infection and interferon-alpha responses. Eur J Immunol 35, 2406-2415. Bauhofer, O., Summerfield, A., McCullough, K.C., Ruggli, N., 2005, Role of double-stranded RNA and Npro of classical swine fever virus in the activation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Virology 343, 93-105. Becher, P., Orlich, M., Thiel, H.J., 1998, Complete genomic sequence of border disease virus, a pestivirus from sheep. J Virol 72, 5165-5173. Bjorklund, H.V., Stadejek, T., Vilcek, S., Belak, S., 1998, Molecular characterization of the 3'' noncoding region of classical swine fever virus vaccine strains. Virus Genes 16, 307-312. Blacksell, S.D., Khounsy, S., Boyle, D.B., Gleeson, L.J., Westbury, H.A., Mackenzie, J.S., 2005, Genetic typing of classical swine fever viruses from Lao PDR by analysis of the 5'' non-coding region. Virus Genes 31, 349-355. Bouma, A., de Smit, A.J., de Kluijver, E.P., Terpstra, C., Moormann, R.J., 1999, Efficacy and stability of a subunit vaccine based on glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 66, 101-114. Branza-Nichita, N., Lazar, C., Durantel, D., Dwek, R.A., Zitzmann, N., 2002, Role of disulfide bond formation in the folding and assembly of the envelope glycoproteins of a pestivirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 296, 470-476. Brinton, M.A., Fernandez, A.V., Dispoto, J.H., 1986, The 3''-nucleotides of flavivirus genomic RNA form a conserved secondary structure. Virology 153, 113-121. Brown, E.A., Zhang, H., Ping, L.H., Lemon, S.M., 1992, Secondary structure of the 5'' nontranslated regions of hepatitis C virus and pestivirus genomic RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 20, 5041-5045. Cha, S.H., Choi, E.J., Park, J.H., Yoon, S.R., Kwon, J.H., Yoon, K.J., Song, J.Y., 2007, Phylogenetic characterization of classical swine fever viruses isolated in Korea between 1988 and 2003. Virus Res. 126, 256-261. Chang, T.H., Ray, F.A., Thompson, D.A., Schlegel, R., 1997, Disregulation of mitotic checkpoints and regulatory proteins following acute expression of SV40 large T antigen in diploid human cells. Oncogene 14, 2383-2393. Choi, C., Hwang, K.K., Chae, C., 2004, Classical swine fever virus induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lymphocyte apoptosis. Arch Virol 149, 875-889. Clavijo, A., Lin, M., Riva, J., Mallory, M., Lin, F., Zhou, E.M., 2001, Development of a competitive ELISA using a truncated E2 recombinant protein as antigen for detection of antibodies to classical swine fever virus. Res Vet Sci 70, 1-7. De Nova-Ocampo, M., Villegas-Sepulveda, N., del Angel, R.M., 2002, Translation elongation factor-1alpha, La, and PTB interact with the 3'' untranslated region of dengue 4 virus RNA. Virology 295, 337-347. de Smit, A.J., Bouma, A., van Gennip, H.G., de Kluijver, E.P., Moormann, R.J., 2001, Chimeric (marker) C-strain viruses induce clinical protection against virulent classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and reduce transmission of CSFV between vaccinated pigs. Vaccine 19, 1467-1476. Deng, M.C., Huang, C.C., Huang, T.S., Chang, C.Y., Lin, Y.J., Chien, M.S., Jong, M.H., 2005, Phylogenetic analysis of classical swine fever virus isolated from Taiwan. Vet Microbiol 106, 187-193. Deng, R., Brock, K.V., 1993, 5'' and 3'' untranslated regions of pestivirus genome: primary and secondary structure analyses. Nucleic Acids Res 21, 1949-1957. Depner, K.R., Hinrichs, U., Bickhardt, K., Greiser-Wilke, I., Pohlenz, J., Moennig, V., Liess, B., 1997, Influence of breed-related factors on the course of classical swine fever virus infection. Vet Rec 140, 506-507. Depner, K.R., Muller, A., Gruber, A., Rodriguez, A., Bickhardt, K., Liess, B., 1995, Classical swine fever in wild boar (Sus scrofa)--experimental infections and viral persistence. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 102, 381-384. Dewulf, J., Koenen, F., Mintiens, K., Denis, P., Ribbens, S., de Kruif, A., 2004, Analytical performance of several classical swine fever laboratory diagnostic techniques on live animals for detection of infection. J Virol Methods 119, 137-143. Dong, X.N., Wei, K., Liu, Z.Q., Chen, Y.H., 2002, Candidate peptide vaccine induced protection against classical swine fever virus. Vaccine 21, 167-173. Edwards, S., Fukusho, A., Lefevre, P.C., Lipowski, A., Pejsak, Z., Roehe, P., Westergaard, J., 2000, Classical swine fever: the global situation. Vet Microbiol 73, 103-119. Elber, A.R., Stegeman, A., Moser, H., Ekker, H.M., Smak, J.A., Pluimers, F.H., 1999, The classical swine fever epidemic 1997-1998 in The Netherlands: descriptive epidemiology. Prev Vet Med 42, 157-184. Elbers, A.R., Bouma, A., Stegeman, J.A., 2002, Quantitative assessment of clinical signs for the detection of classical swine fever outbreaks during an epidemic. Vet Microbiol 85, 323-332. Elbers, A.R., Vos, J.H., Bouma, A., van Exsel, A.C., Stegeman, A., 2003, Assessment of the use of gross lesions at post-mortem to detect outbreaks of classical swine fever. Vet Microbiol 96, 345-356. Fermi, E., 2004, Dissemination, virulence, and Epidemiology, In: J.Flint, S. (Ed.) Principles of virology. ASM press, pp. 494-528. Fletcher, S.P., Jackson, R.J., 2002, Pestivirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) structure and function: elements in the 5'' untranslated region important for IRES function. J Virol 76, 5024-5033. Floegel-Niesmann, G., 2001, Classical swine fever (CSF) marker vaccine. Trial III. Evaluation of discriminatory ELISAs. Vet Microbiol 83, 121-136. Floegel-Niesmann, G., Bunzenthal, C., Fischer, S., Moennig, V., 2003, Virulence of recent and former classical swine fever virus isolates evaluated by their clinical and pathological signs. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 50, 214-220. Frey, C.F., Bauhofer, O., Ruggli, N., Summerfield, A., Hofmann, M.A., Tratschin, J.D., 2006, Classical swine fever virus replicon particles lacking the Erns gene: a potential marker vaccine for intradermal application. Vet Res 37, 655-670. Gomez-Villamandos, J.C., Garcia de Leaniz, I., Nunez, A., Salguero, F.J., Ruiz-Villamor, E., Romero-Trevejo, J.L., Sanchez-Cordon, P.J., 2006, Neuropathologic study of experimental classical swine fever. Vet Pathol 43, 530-540. Gomez-Villamandos, J.C., Salguero, F.J., Ruiz-Villamor, E., Sanchez-Cordon, P.J., Bautista, M.J., Sierra, M.A., 2003, Classical Swine Fever: pathology of bone marrow. Vet Pathol 40, 157-163. Gong, Y., Trowbridge, R., Macnaughton, T.B., Westaway, E.G., Shannon, A.D., Gowans, E.J., 1996, Characterization of RNA synthesis during a one-step growth curve and of the replication mechanism of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. J Gen Virol 77 ( Pt 11), 2729-2736. Greiser-Wilke, I., Depner, K., Fritzemeier, J., Haas, L., Moennig, V., 1998, Application of a computer program for genetic typing of classical swine fever virus isolates from Germany. J Virol Methods 75, 141-150. Greiser-Wilke, I., Fritzemeier, J., Koenen, F., Vanderhallen, H., Rutili, D., De Mia, G.M., Romero, L., Rosell, R., Sanchez-Vizcaino, J.M., San Gabriel, A., 2000, Molecular epidemiology of a large classical swine fever epidemic in the European Union in 1997-1998. Vet Microbiol 77, 17-27. Hahn, J., Park, S.H., Song, J.Y., An, S.H., Ahn, B.Y., 2001, Construction of recombinant swinepox viruses and expression of the classical swine fever virus E2 protein. J Virol Methods 93, 49-56. Hammond, J.M., Jansen, E.S., Morrissy, C.J., Hodgson, A.L., Johnson, M.A., 2003, Protection of pigs against ''in contact'' challenge with classical swine fever following oral or subcutaneous vaccination with a recombinant porcine adenovirus. Virus Res 97, 151-157. Hammond, J.M., Jansen, E.S., Morrissy, C.J., Williamson, M.M., Hodgson, A.L., Johnson, M.A., 2001, Oral and sub-cutaneous vaccination of commercial pigs with a recombinant porcine adenovirus expressing the classical swine fever virus gp55 gene. Arch Virol 146, 1787-1793. Hammond, J.M., McCoy, R.J., Jansen, E.S., Morrissy, C.J., Hodgson, A.L., Johnson, M.A., 2000, Vaccination with a single dose of a recombinant porcine adenovirus expressing the classical swine fever virus gp55 (E2) gene protects pigs against classical swine fever. Vaccine 18, 1040-1050. Handel, K., Kehler, H., Hills, K., Pasick, J., 2004, Comparison of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and immunoperoxidase assays for detecting pigs infected with low, moderate, and high virulent strains of classical swine fever virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 16, 132-138. Hoffmann, B., Beer, M., Schelp, C., Schirrmeier, H., Depner, K., 2005, Validation of a real-time RT-PCR assay for sensitive and specific detection of classical swine fever. J Virol Methods 130, 36-44. Hofmann, M.A., Brechtbuhl, K., Stauber, N., 1994, Rapid characterization of new pestivirus strains by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified cDNA from the 5'' noncoding region. Arch Virol 139, 217-229. Hooft van Iddekinge, B.J., de Wind, N., Wensvoort, G., Kimman, T.G., Gielkens, A.L., Moormann, R.J., 1996, Comparison of the protective efficacy of recombinant pseudorabies viruses against pseudorabies and classical swine fever in pigs; influence of different promoters on gene expression and on protection. Vaccine 14, 6-12. Hulst, M.M., Moormann, R.J., 1997, Inhibition of pestivirus infection in cell culture by envelope proteins E(rns) and E2 of classical swine fever virus: E(rns) and E2 interact with different receptors. J Gen Virol 78 ( Pt 11), 2779-2787. Hulst, M.M., van Gennip, H.G., Vlot, A.C., Schooten, E., de Smit, A.J., Moormann, R.J., 2001, Interaction of classical swine fever virus with membrane-associated heparan sulfate: role for virus replication in vivo and virulence. J Virol 75, 9585-9595. Hulst, M.M., Westra, D.F., Wensvoort, G., Moormann, R.J., 1993, Glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus expressed in insect cells protects swine from hog cholera. J Virol 67, 5435-5442. Isken, O., Grassmann, C.W., Sarisky, R.T., Kann, M., Zhang, S., Grosse, F., Kao, P.N., Behrens, S.E., 2003, Members of the NF90/NFAR protein group are involved in the life cycle of a positive-strand RNA virus. EMBO J 22, 5655-5665. Kamakawa, A., Ho, T.V., Yamada, S., 2006, Epidemiological survey of viral diseases of pigs in the Mekong delta of Vietnam between 1999 and 2003. Vet Microbiol 118, 47-56. Kamolsiriprichaiporn, S., Hooper, P.T., Morrissy, C.J., Westbury, H.A., 1992, A comparison of the pathogenicity of two strains of hog cholera virus. 1. Clinical and pathological studies. Aust Vet J 69, 240-244. Knoetig, S.M., Summerfield, A., Spagnuolo-Weaver, M., McCullough, K.C., 1999, Immunopathogenesis of classical swine fever: role of monocytic cells. Immunology 97, 359-366. Kolupaeva, V.G., Pestova, T.V., Hellen, C.U., 2000, Ribosomal binding to the internal ribosomal entry site of classical swine fever virus. RNA 6, 1791-1807. Konig, M., Lengsfeld, T., Pauly, T., Stark, R., Thiel, H.J., 1995, Classical swine fever virus: independent induction of protective immunity by two structural glycoproteins. J Virol 69, 6479-6486. Kumar, S., Tamura, K., Nei, M., 2004, MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform 5, 150-163. La Rocca, S.A., Herbert, R.J., Crooke, H., Drew, T.W., Wileman, T.E., Powell, P.P., 2005, Loss of interferon regulatory factor 3 in cells infected with classical swine fever virus involves the N-terminal protease, Npro. J Virol 79, 7239-7247. Langedijk, J.P., Middel, W.G., Meloen, R.H., Kramps, J.A., de Smit, J.A., 2001, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a virus type-specific peptide based on a subdomain of envelope protein E(rns) for serologic diagnosis of pestivirus infections in swine. J Clin Microbiol 39, 906-912. Lazar, C., Zitzmann, N., Dwek, R.A., Branza-Nichita, N., 2003, The pestivirus E(rns) glycoprotein interacts with E2 in both infected cells and mature virions. Virology 314, 696-705. Le Potier, M.F., Mesplede, A., Vannier, P., 2006, Classical swine fever and other pestiviruses In: Straw, B.E., Zimmerman, J.J., D'Allaire, S., Taylor, D.J. (Eds.) Diseases of Swine. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, pp. 309-322. Lin T.T.C., Lee R.C.T., 1981, An overall report on the development of a highly safe and potent lapinized hog cholera virus strain for hog cholera control in Taiwan. National Science Council Special Publication Number 5, 1-42. Lin, Y.J., Chien, M.S., Deng, M.C., Huang, C.C., 2007, Complete sequence of a subgroup 3.4 strain of classical swine fever virus from Taiwan. Virus Genes 35, 737-744. Locker, N., Easton, L.E., Lukavsky, P.J., 2007, HCV and CSFV IRES domain II mediate eIF2 release during 80S ribosome assembly. EMBO J 26, 795-805. Lowings, P., Ibata, G., Needham, J., Paton, D., 1996, Classical swine fever virus diversity and evolution. J Gen Virol 77 ( Pt 6), 1311-1321. Maurer, R., Stettler, P., Ruggli, N., Hofmann, M.A., Tratschin, J.D., 2005, Oronasal vaccination with classical swine fever virus (CSFV) replicon particles with either partial or complete deletion of the E2 gene induces partial protection against lethal challenge with highly virulent CSFV. Vaccine 23, 3318-3328. Mayer, D., Hofmann, M.A., Tratschin, J.D., 2004, Attenuation of classical swine fever virus by deletion of the viral N (pro) gene. Vaccine 22, 317-328. Meyers, G., Rumenapf, T., Thiel, H.J., 1989, Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the genome of hog cholera virus. Virology 171, 555-567. Meyers, G., Thiel, H.J., 1996, Molecular characterization of pestiviruses. Adv Virus Res 47, 53-118. Meyers, G., Thiel, H.J., Rumenapf, T., 1996, Classical swine fever virus: recovery of infectious viruses from cDNA constructs and generation of recombinant cytopathogenic defective interfering particles. J Virol 70, 1588-1595. Mittelholzer, C., Moser, C., Tratschin, J.D., Hofmann, M.A., 2000, Analysis of classical swine fever virus replication kinetics allows differentiation of highly virulent from avirulent strains. Vet Microbiol 74, 293-308. Moormann, R.J., Bouma, A., Kramps, J.A., Terpstra, C., De Smit, H.J., 2000, Development of a classical swine fever subunit marker vaccine and companion diagnostic test. Vet Microbiol 73, 209-219. Moormann, R.J., Warmerdam, P.A., van der Meer, B., Schaaper, W.M., Wensvoort, G., Hulst, M.M., 1990, Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of hog cholera virus strain Brescia and mapping of the genomic region encoding envelope protein E1. Virology 177, 184-198. Moulin, H.R., Seuberlich, T., Bauhofer, O., Bennett, L.C., Tratschin, J.D., Hofmann, M.A., Ruggli, N., 2007, Nonstructural proteins NS2-3 and NS4A of classical swine fever virus: essential features for infectious particle formation. Virology 365, 376-389. Nagy, P.D., Pogany, J., Simon, A.E., 1999, RNA elements required for RNA recombination function as replication enhancers in vitro and in vivo in a plus-strand RNA virus. EMBO J 18, 5653-5665. Narita, M., Kawashima, K., Kimura, K., Mikami, O., Shibahara, T., Yamada, S., Sakoda, Y., 2000, Comparative immunohistopathology in pigs infected with highly virulent or less virulent strains of hog cholera virus. Vet Pathol 37, 402-408. Nunez, A., Gomez-Villamandos, J.C., Sanchez-Cordon, P.J., Fernandez de Marco, M., Pedrera, M., Salguero, F.J., Carrasco, L., 2005, Expression of proinflammatory cytokines by hepatic macrophages in acute classical swine fever. J Comp Pathol 133, 23-32. Oleksiewicz, M.B., Rasmussen, T.B., Normann, P., Uttenthal, A., 2003, Determination of the sequence of the complete open reading frame and the 5''NTR of the Paderborn isolate of classical swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 92, 311-325. Pan, I.C., Huang, T.S., Pan, C.H., Chern, S.Y., Lee, S.H., Lin, Y.L., Huang, B.Y., Lin, C.C., Li, N.J., Lin, J.P., et al., 1993, The skin, tongue, and brain as favorable organs for hog cholera diagnosis by immunofluorescence. Arch Virol 131, 475-481. Pankraz, A., Thiel, H.J., Becher, P., 2005, Essential and nonessential elements in the 3'' nontranslated region of Bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Virol 79, 9119-9127. Paton, D.J., McGoldrick, A., Greiser-Wilke, I., Parchariyanon, S., Song, J.Y., Liou, P.P., Stadejek, T., Lowings, J.P., Bjorklund, H., Belak, S., 2000, Genetic typing of classical swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 73, 137-157. Pauly, T., Konig, M., Thiel, H.J., Saalmuller, A., 1998, Infection with classical swine fever virus: effects on phenotype and immune responsiveness of porcine T lymphocytes. J Gen Virol 79 ( Pt 1), 31-40. Peeters, B., Bienkowska-Szewczyk, K., Hulst, M., Gielkens, A., Kimman, T., 1997, Biologically safe, non-transmissible pseudorabies virus vector vaccine protects pigs against both Aujeszky''s disease and classical swine fever. J Gen Virol 78 ( Pt 12), 3311-3315. Reed, L.J.; Muench, H. 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. The American J Hygiene 27, 493-497. Reimann, I., Depner, K., Trapp, S., Beer, M., 2004, An avirulent chimeric Pestivirus with altered cell tropism protects pigs against lethal infection with classical swine fever virus. Virology 322, 143-157. Rijnbrand, R., van der Straaten, T., van Rijn, P.A., Spaan, W.J., Bredenbeek, P.J., 1997, Internal entry of ribosomes is directed by the 5'' noncoding region of classical swine fever virus and is dependent on the presence of an RNA pseudoknot upstream of the initiation codon. J Virol 71, 451-457. Risatti, G.R., Borca, M.V., Kutish, G.F., Lu, Z., Holinka, L.G., French, R.A., Tulman, E.R., Rock, D.L., 2005, The E2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus is a virulence determinant in swine. J Virol 79, 3787-3796. Risatti, G.R., Callahan, J.D., Nelson, W.M., Borca, M.V., 2003, Rapid detection of classical swine fever virus by a portable real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 41, 500-505. Ruggli, N., Moser, C., Mitchell, D., Hofmann, M., Tratschin, J.D., 1995, Baculovirus expression and affinity purification of protein E2 of classical swine fever virus strain Alfort/187. Virus Genes 10, 115-126. Ruggli, N., Tratschin, J.D., Schweizer, M., McCullough, K.C., Hofmann, M.A., Summerfield, A., 2003, Classical swine fever virus interferes with cellular antiviral defense: evidence for a novel function of N(pro). J Virol 77, 7645-7654. Rumenapf, T., Stark, R., Meyers, G., Thiel, H.J., 1991, Structural proteins of hog cholera virus expressed by vaccinia virus: further characterization and induction of protective immunity. J Virol 65, 589-597. Rumenapf, T., Unger, G., Strauss, J.H., Thiel, H.J., 1993, Processing of the envelope glycoproteins of pestiviruses. J Virol 67, 3288-3294. Saatkamp, H.W., Berentsen, P.B., Horst, H.S., 2000, Economic aspects of the control of classical swine fever outbreaks in the European Union. Vet Microbiol 73, 221-237. Saitou, N., Nei, M., 1987, The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4, 406-425. Sakoda, Y., Ozawa, S., Damrongwatanapokin, S., Sato, M., Ishikawa, K., Fukusho, A., 1999, Genetic heterogeneity of porcine and ruminant pestiviruses mainly isolated in Japan. Vet Microbiol 65, 75-86. Sanchez-Cordon, P.J., Nunez, A., Salguero, F.J., Carrasco, L., Gomez-Villamandos, J.C., 2005a, Evolution of T lymphocytes and cytokine expression in classical swine fever (CSF) virus infection. J Comp Pathol 132, 249-260. Sanchez-Cordon, P.J., Nunez, A., Salguero, F.J., Pedrera, M., Fernandez de Marco, M., Gomez-Villamandos, J.C., 2005b, Lymphocyte apoptosis and thrombocytopenia in spleen during classical swine fever: role of macrophages and cytokines. Vet Pathol 42, 477-488. Sanchez-Cordon, P.J., Romanini, S., Salguero, F.J., Nunez, A., Bautista, M.J., Jover, A., Gomez-Villamos, J.C., 2002, Apoptosis of thymocytes related to cytokine expression in experimental classical swine fever. J Comp Pathol 127, 239-248. Sanchez-Cordon, P.J., Romero-Trevejo, J.L., Pedrera, M., Raya, A.I., Gomez-Villamandos, J.C., 2006, The role of B cells in the immune response to pestivirus (classical Swine Fever virus). J Comp Pathol 135, 32-41. Seago, J., Hilton, L., Reid, E., Doceul, V., Jeyatheesan, J., Moganeradj, K., McCauley, J., Charleston, B., Goodbourn, S., 2007, The Npro product of classical swine fever virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus uses a conserved mechanism to target interferon regulatory factor-3. J Gen Virol 88, 3002-3006. Sizova, D.V., Kolupaeva, V.G., Pestova, T.V., Shatsky, I.N., Hellen, C.U., 1998, Specific interaction of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 with the 5'' nontranslated regions of hepatitis C virus and classical swine fever virus RNAs. J Virol 72, 4775-4782. Skiadopoulos, M.H., McBride, A.A., 1998, Bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes and the E2 transactivator protein are closely associated with mitotic chromatin. J Virol 72, 2079-2088. Spahn, C.M., Kieft, J.S., Grassucci, R.A., Penczek, P.A., Zhou, K., Doudna, J.A., Frank, J., 2001, Hepatitis C virus IRES RNA-induced changes in the conformation of the 40s ribosomal subunit. Science 291, 1959-1962. Stark, R., Meyers, G., Rumenapf, T., Thiel, H.J., 1993, Processing of pestivirus polyprotein: cleavage site between autoprotease and nucleocapsid protein of classical swine fever virus. J Virol 67, 7088-7095. Stark, R., Rumenapf, T., Meyers, G., Thiel, H.J., 1990, Genomic localization of hog cholera virus glycoproteins. Virology 174, 286-289. Steffens, S., Thiel, H.J., Behrens, S.E., 1999, The RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of different members of the family Flaviviridae exhibit similar properties in vitro. J Gen Virol 80 ( Pt 10), 2583-2590. Stegeman, A., Elbers, A., de Smit, H., Moser, H., Smak, J., Pluimers, F., 2000, The 1997-1998 epidemic of classical swine fever in the Netherlands. Vet Microbiol 73, 183-196. Summerfield, A., Alves, M., Ruggli, N., de Bruin, M.G., McCullough, K.C., 2006, High IFN-alpha responses associated with depletion of lymphocytes and natural IFN-producing cells during classical swine fever. J Interferon Cytokine Res 26, 248-255. Summerfield, A., Hofmann, M.A., McCullough, K.C., 1998, Low density blood granulocytic cells induced during classical swine fever are targets for virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 63, 289-301. Summerfield, A., Knoetig, S.M., Tschudin, R., McCullough, K.C., 2000, Pathogenesis of granulocytopenia and bone marrow atrophy during classical swine fever involves apoptosis and necrosis of uninfected cells. Virology 272, 50-60. Summerfield, A., McNeilly, F., Walker, I., Allan, G., Knoetig, S.M., McCullough, K.C., 2001a, Depletion of CD4(+) and CD8(high+) T-cells before the onset of viraemia during classical swine fever. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 78, 3-19. Summerfield, A., Zingle, K., Inumaru, S., McCullough, K.C., 2001b, Induction of apoptosis in bone marrow neutrophil-lineage cells by classical swine fever virus. J Gen Virol 82, 1309-1318. Susa, M., Konig, M., Saalmuller, A., Reddehase, M.J., Thiel, H.J., 1992, Pathogenesis of classical swine fever: B-lymphocyte deficiency caused by hog cholera virus. J Virol 66, 1171-1175. Tamura, J.K., Warrener, P., Collett, M.S., 1993, RNA-stimulated NTPase activity associated with the p80 protein of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus. Virology 193, 1-10. Tautz, N., Elbers, K., Stoll, D., Meyers, G., Thiel, H.J., 1997, Serine protease of pestiviruses: determination of cleavage sites. J Virol 71, 5415-5422. Teifke, J.P., Lange, E., Klopfleisch, R., Kaden, V., 2005, Nictitating membrane as a potentially useful postmortem diagnostic specimen for classical swine fever. J Vet Diagn Invest 17, 341-345. Thiel, H.J., Collett, M.S., Gould, E.A., Heinz, F.X., Houhton, M., Meyers, G., Purcell, R.H., Rice, C.M., 2005, Family Flaviviridae, In: C.M. Fauquet, M.A. Mayo, J. Maniloff, Desselberger, U., Ball, L.A. (Eds.) Virus Taxonomy. Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier, Academic Press., pp. 988-992. Thiel, H.J., Stark, R., Weiland, E., Rumenapf, T., Meyers, G., 1991, Hog cholera virus: molecular composition of virions from a pestivirus. J Virol 65, 4705-4712. Tu, C., Lu, Z., Li, H., Yu, X., Liu, X., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Yin, Z., 2001, Phylogenetic comparison of classical swine fever virus in China. Virus Res 81, 29-37. Uttenthal, A., Storgaard, T., Oleksiewicz, M.B., de Stricker, K., 2003, Experimental infection with the Paderborn isolate of classical swine fever virus in 10-week-old pigs: determination of viral replication kinetics by quantitative RT-PCR, virus isolation and antigen ELISA. Vet Microbiol 92, 197-212. van Gennip, H.G., Bouma, A., van Rijn, P.A., Widjojoatmodjo, M.N., Moormann, R.J., 2002, Experimental non-transmissible marker vaccines for classical swine fever (CSF) by trans-complementation of E(rns) or E2 of CSFV. Vaccine 20, 1544-1556. van Gennip, H.G., van Rijn, P.A., Widjojoatmodjo, M.N., de Smit, A.J., Moormann, R.J., 2000, Chimeric classical swine fever viruses containing envelope protein E(RNS) or E2 of bovine viral diarrhoea virus protect pigs against challenge with CSFV and induce a distinguishable antibody response. Vaccine 19, 447-459. van Oirschot, J. T. 1979a. Experimental production of congenital persistent swine fever infection. I. Clinical, pathological and virological observations. Vet Microbiol 4, 117-132. van Oirschot, J. T. 1979b. Experimental production of congenital persistent swine fever infection. II. Effect on functions of immune system. Vet Microbiol 4, 133-147. van Oirschot, J.T., 2003, Vaccinology of classical swine fever: from lab to field. Vet Microbiol 96, 367-384. van Rijn, P.A., Bossers, A., Wensvoort, G., Moormann, R.J., 1996, Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope glycoprotein E2 containing one structural antigenic unit protects pigs from lethal CSFV challenge. J Gen Virol 77 ( Pt 11), 2737-2745. van Rijn, P.A., van Gennip, H.G., Moormann, R.J., 1999, An experimental marker vaccine and accompanying serological diagnostic test both based on envelope glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Vaccine 17, 433-440. van Zijl, M., Wensvoort, G., de Kluyver, E., Hulst, M., van der Gulden, H., Gielkens, A., Berns, A., Moormann, R., 1991, Live attenuated pseudorabies virus expressing envelope glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus protects swine against both pseudorabies and hog cholera. J Virol 65, 2761-2765. Vannier, P., Plateau, E., Tillon, J.P., 1981, Congenital tremor in pigs farrowed from sows given hog cholera virus during pregnancy. Am J Vet Res 42, 135-137. Vilcek, S., Paton, D., Lowings, P., Bjorklund, H., Nettleton, P., Belak, S., 1999, Genetic analysis of pestiviruses at the 3'' end of the genome. Virus Genes 18, 107-114. Vilcek, S., Stadejek, T., Ballagi-Pordany, A., Lowings, J.P., Paton, D.J., Belak, S., 1996, Genetic variability of classical swine fever virus. Virus Res 43, 137-147. Voronin, Y., Overbaugh, J., Emerman, M., 2005, Simian immunodeficiency virus variants that differ in pathogenicity differ in fitness under rapid cell turnover conditions. J Virol 79, 15091-15098. Wang, Z., Nie, Y., Wang, P., Ding, M., Deng, H., 2004, Characterization of classical swine fever virus entry by using pseudotyped viruses: E1 and E2 are sufficient to mediate viral entry. Virology 330, 332-341. Warrener, P., Collett, M.S., 1995, Pestivirus NS3 (p80) protein possesses RNA helicase activity. J Virol 69, 1720-1726. Weiland, E., Ahl, R., Stark, R., Weiland, F., Thiel, H.J., 1992, A second envelope glycoprotein mediates neutralization of a pestivirus, hog cholera virus. J Virol 66, 3677-3682. Weiland, E., Stark, R., Haas, B., Rumenapf, T., Meyers, G., Thiel, H.J., 1990, Pestivirus glycoprotein which induces neutralizing antibodies forms part of a disulfide-linked heterodimer. J Virol 64, 3563-3569. Wensvoort, G., Terpstra, C., de Kluyver, E.P., 1989, Characterization of porcine and some ruminant pestiviruses by cross-neutralization. Vet Microbiol 20, 291-306. Widjojoatmodjo, M.N., van Gennip, H.G., Bouma, A., van Rijn, P.A., Moormann, R.J., 2000, Classical swine fever virus E(rns) deletion mutants: trans-complementation and potential use as nontransmissible, modified, live-attenuated marker vaccines. J Virol 74, 2973-2980. Widjojoatmodjo, M.N., van Gennip, H.G., de Smit, A.J., Moormann, R.J., 1999, Comparative sequence analysis of classical swine fever virus isolates from the epizootic in The Netherlands in 1997-1998. Vet Microbiol 66, 291-299. Wong, M.L., Peng, B.Y., Liu, J.J., Chang, T.J., 2001, Cloning and sequencing of full-length cDNA of classical swine fever virus LPC strain. Virus Genes 23, 187-192. Wood, L., Brockman, S., Harkness, J.W., Edwards, S., 1988, Classical swine fever: virulence and tissue distribution of a 1986 English isolate in pigs. Vet Rec 122, 391-394. Xiao, M., Gao, J., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Lu, W., Zhen, Y., Chen, J., Li, B., 2004, Influence of a 12-nt insertion present in the 3'' untranslated region of classical swine fever virus HCLV strain genome on RNA synthesis. Virus Res 102, 191-198. Xiao, M., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Li, B., 2003, Characterization of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of CSFV NS5B proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. Virus Genes 27, 67-74. Xu, J., Mendez, E., Caron, P.R., Lin, C., Murcko, M.A., Collett, M.S., Rice, C.M., 1997, Bovine viral diarrhea virus NS3 serine proteinase: polyprotein cleavage sites, cofactor requirements, and molecular model of an enzyme essential for pestivirus replication. J Virol 71, 5312-5322. Yanagi, M., St Claire, M., Emerson, S.U., Purcell, R.H., Bukh, J., 1999, In vivo analysis of the 3'' untranslated region of the hepatitis C virus after in vitro mutagenesis of an infectious cDNA clone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96, 2291-2295. Yi, M., Lemon, S.M., 2003, 3'' nontranslated RNA signals required for replication of hepatitis C virus RNA. J Virol 77, 3557-3568. Yu, H., Grassmann, C.W., Behrens, S.E., 1999, Sequence and structural elements at the 3'' terminus of bovine viral diarrhea virus genomic RNA: functional role during RNA replication. J Virol 73, 3638-3648. Zeng, L., Falgout, B., Markoff, L., 1998, Identification of specific nucleotide sequences within the conserved 3''-SL in the dengue type 2 virus genome required for replication. J Virol 72, 7510-7522.
摘要: 
豬瘟 (classical swine fever; CSF) 為豬隻之高度傳染性及高致死性的病毒性疾病，本病的爆發往往造成重大的經濟損失。台灣田間分離的豬瘟病毒主要分成二型，本土型（3.4基因亞型）與外來型（2.1基因亞型）。本土型的豬瘟病毒分佈，只限於日本南方到台灣地區，且爆發病例只出現在1996年前。
為瞭解二型病毒之遺傳特性，因此本研究針對本土型豬瘟病毒（3.4基因亞型），以參考病毒株94.4/IL/94/TWN進行全長定序。基因體全長具有12,296個核苷酸，可轉譯成3,898個氨基酸，基因體前後包含有5端非轉譯區 (5′UTR) 372核苷酸及3端非轉譯區 (3′UTR) 227核苷酸。台灣地區的3.4基因亞型與同一基因亞型的日本神奈川株（1974年）及沖繩株（1986年）核苷酸的相似度維持在94.2~97.5% ; 然而與1.1基因亞型的強毒株 (ALD/64/Jap）及2.1基因亞型的病毒株 （TD/96/TWN） 的相似度只有72.5~80.8%。以NS5B核苷酸相對應位置11,157～11,565的基因片段進行演化分析，可將豬瘟病毒區分成三個基因亞型。94.4/IL/94/TWN參考株為第一株完成全長定序的3.4基因亞型病毒株。
直到目前為止，尚未找到與毒力有關的基因決定區。本研究推論台灣田間病毒基因型別之間的轉換，可能是因為不同基因型別病毒的增殖速率不同，或是病毒毒力的差異所造成。為瞭解病毒在細胞培養中的增殖情形，本研究選取了豬腎臟細胞株、初代豬睪丸細胞及豬肺泡巨噬細胞進行病毒增殖速率分析。結果顯現94.4/IL/94/TWN及PT/96/TWN二株病毒在豬腎臟細胞株，初代豬睪丸細胞及豬肺泡巨噬細胞有相似的增殖速率。然而在以豬進行的活體增殖實驗中，PT/96/TWN在感染晚期時毒血及各組織臟器則具有較快的增殖速率。
為了進一步瞭解本土型與外來型豬瘟病毒的毒力及表徵，因此本研究設計出一病理積分表，包含肉眼及組織病理病變二部分，嘗試將病變的嚴重度及病程的長短進行區分及量化。此外為瞭解病毒毒力的差異，選擇無毒力的兔化豬瘟疫苗病毒株（LPC）及高毒力的標準強毒株ALD作為豬瘟病毒毒力的指標，進行比較。實驗結果發現94.4/IL/94/TWN及PT/96/TWN病毒株在豬隻感染後的任何時間點的病理積分均具有顯著的差異。然而以LPC及ALD分別作為最低與最高的參考基準，因此本研究將94.4/IL/94/TWN及PT/96/TWN病毒株歸屬於中間毒力的病毒。
本研究認為病毒的毒力是可以利用病變的嚴重度及病毒在活體中的增殖速率作為評估的依據。在本實驗中，本研究雖然無法明確的解釋界定病毒的毒力，但是本研究嘗試建立應用病理積分的方式評估不同型別之豬瘟病毒、毒力及表徵的差異。

Classical swine fever, formerly referred to as hog cholera, is a highly contagious and fatal disease of pigs. Outbreaks of this disease caused significant economic losses in the pig industry all over the world. Classical swine fever viruses in Taiwan have been classified into two subgroups (3.4 and 2.1). Outbreaks caused by 3.4 viruses were reported in Taiwan prior to 1996 and mainly distributed in the geographic area ranging from southern Japan to Taiwan.
To identify genetic differences, the complete sequence of 94.4/IL/94/TWN, one of the reference strains of subgroup 3.4, was determined. The genome contains 12,296 nucleotides, encoding 3,898 amino acids flanked by a 372-nt region at the 5' untranslated region (UTR) and a 227-nt region at the 3'-UTR. Similarities of nucleotides among 3.4 viruses isolated from Taiwan and Japan (Kanagawa/74; Okinawa/86) maintained in 94.2 to 97.5%; however, comparing to subgroup 1.1 (ALD/64/Jap) and 2.1 (TD/96/TWN) only showed about 72.5 to 80.8% similarity, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on positioning from 11,157 to 11, 565 nt (NS5B) revealed that CSFVs were divided into three major lineages similar to previous studies using E2 or NS5B regions. Strain 94.4/IL/94/TWN is the first completely genome sequenced in subgroup 3.4 viruses.
Until now, however, no genetic determinant of virulence is defined. We speculate that the dramatic change(s) of genotypes in field outbreaks may be caused by the difference(s) in viral replication rate or virulence. Kinetics of viral replication with different genotypes were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The results indicated that the invaded strain had a higher virus titer at the later stage of infection in vivo; however, both strains replicated well and display similar kinetics in PK-15, PAM and ST cells.
In order to clarify the virulence in phenotypes between historical and invaded strains, a new pathological (gross and histopathology) score was introduced. The avirulent vaccine strain (lapinized virus strain, LPC) and highly virulent strain (ALD) were used as disease indicators. The pathological lesions caused by both strains did present significant differences at various time points postinfections. Even though it is distinguishable for their virulent ability, by comparing to LPC and ALD strains, both 94.4/IL/94/TWN and PT/96/TWN viruses should be defined as moderate virulent strains.
Based on the results, the virulence of CSFV might be determined by its replication ability in animals. In this study, we did not specifically intend to explain viral virulence; whereas, we established a new pathological score to evaluate the virulence differences and phenotypes in pigs infected by various virus strains.
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/11455/13595
其他識別: U0005-2008200818272000
Appears in Collections:獸醫學系所

Show full item record
 
TAIR Related Article

Google ScholarTM

Check


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.