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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/11455/18130
標題: 南極默契之形塑：南極條約體系下的權力與制度競合
The Shaping of Antarctica Consensus: The competition and cooperation of power and institution under Antarctica Treaty System
作者: 嚴涵如
Yen, Han-Ju
關鍵字: 南極條約體系;Antarctic Treaty;南極;南極默契;協商國;南北兩極;Antarctic Treaty System (ATS);Antarctica;Antarctic Consensus;Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties (ATCPs)
出版社: 國際政治研究所
引用: 一、 中文參考資料 （一）專書 C.Frankfort Nachmias與David Nachmias著，潘明宏、陳志偉譯，《最新社會科學研究法》，（台北：韋伯出版，2003年）。 丘宏達，《現代國際法》，台北市：三民，2008年（修訂二版）。 李後進，《前進南極－從南極看台灣》，台北市：晨星，1999年。 俞寬賜，《國際法新論》，台北縣永和市：啟英文化，2002年。 （二）期刊論文 吳依林，〈從南極條約體系演化看礦產資源問題〉，《中國海洋大學學報（社會科學版）》，第5期（2009年）。 李煜與華薇娜，〈美加兩國南極主題博士論文的調研與分析〉，《西南民族大學學報（人文社會科學版）》，第12 期（2011年）。 李增剛，〈協議合作與避免國際公地悲劇－以南極問題為例〉，《制度經濟學研究》，2003年第2期（2003年）。 凌曉良、溫家洪、陳丹紅、李升貴，〈南極環境與環境保護問題研究〉，《海洋開發與管理》，05期（2005年） 徐世杰，〈淺析南極條約協商會議工作機制及影響〉，《海洋開發與管理》，第3期（2004年）。 張麗珍，〈南極旅遊的國際法規制〉，《中國海洋大學學報（社會科學版）》，第6期（2009年）。 梁咏，〈對南極地區的國際法展望與中國立場：人類共同遺產的視角〉，《法學評論》，第169期No.5（2011）。 郭培清，〈印度南極政策的變遷〉，《南亞研究季刊》，02期（2007年）。 ---------，〈南極洲與聯合國關係辨析〉，《太平洋學報》，05期（2006年）。 郭培清、石偉華，〈《南極條約》50周年：挑戰與未來走向〉，《中國海洋大學學報（社會科學版）》，第1期（2010年）。 劉斌，〈南極大陸架的國際法學探析〉，《海洋開發與管理》，第27卷第5期（2010年）。 顏其德、朱建鋼，〈《南極條約》與領土主權要求〉，《海洋開發與管理》，04期（2008年）。 （三）書面報刊資料 〈開始瓜分南極　英申請海床主權〉，《中國時報》，2007年10月18日，F2版 〈主權宣示戰 北極燒到南極〉，《聯合報》，2007年10月18日，A16版。 （四）官方文獻 聯合國大會第60/47號決議全文。 （五）網路資料 新華網，〈何為《南極條約》締約國和協商國？〉，http://news.xinhuanet.com/travel/2007-01/18/content_5621117.htm（2010/01/10）。 二、 英文參考資料 （一）專書 Anthony D''Amato, Kirsten Engel, International Environmental Law Anthology (Anderson Pub Co: 1997) G. Faure & T. M. Mensing, The Transantarctic Mountains: Rocks, Ice, Meteorites and Water (London New York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, 2010) Henry G. Schemer, Niels M. Blokker, International Institutional Law, 3rd edn (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001). Paul Berkman, Science into Policy: Global Lessons from Antarctica (London: Academic Press, 2002). S. Barr, C. Ludecke (eds.). 2010.《The History of the International Polar Years (IPYs)》, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Stuart B. Kaye, “Southern Ocean Boundaries and Maritime Claims: Another Antarctic Challenge for the Law of the Sea?”, Ocean Development & International Law, No.33 (2002). Stuart S. Nagel, Policymaking and Peace: A Multinational Anthology (Lexington Books: 2003). （二）期刊論文 Adrian Howkins, “Defending polar empire: opposition to India''s proposal to raise the ‘Antarctic Question’ at the United Nations in 1956”, Polar Record, 44(2008). Alan D. Hemmings and Tim Stephens , “The extended continental shelves of sub-Antarctic Islands: implications for Antarctic governance”, Polar Record, 46 (2010). Anne-Marie Brady, “China''s Rise in Antarctica?”, Asian Survey, Vol. 50, No. 4 (2010). -----------------------, “New Zealand’s strategic interests in Antarctica”, Polar Record, No.47 (2011). B. A. Hamzah, “Malaysia and the Southern Ocean: Revisiting the Question of Antarctica”, Ocean Development & International Law, No. 41 (2010). David W. H. Walton, “Half a century of the Antarctic treaty”, Antarctic Science, 21(2009). ---------------------------, “Antarctic Treaty Summit”, Antarctic Science, 21(2009). Donald R. Rothwell, “Sovereignty and the Antarctic Treaty”, Polar Record, 46 (2010). ---------------------------, “Polar Environmental Protection and International Law: The 1991 Antarctic Protocol”, European Journal of International Law, Vol.11, No.3 (2000) F. W. G. Baker, “Some reflection on the Antarctic Treaty”, Polar Record, 46 (2010). Johannes Huber, “The Antarctic Treaty: Toward a New Partnership”, Science Diplomacy. John R. Dudeney & David W. H. Walton, “Leadership in politics and science within the Antarctic Treaty”, Polar Research, Vol.31 (2012) Karen Scott, “Institutional Developments within the Antarctic Treaty System”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 52 (2003). Klaus J. Dodds, “Governing Antarctica: Contemporary Challenges and the Enduring Legacy of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty”, Global Policy, Volume 1, Issue 1(2010). --------------------, “Guest editorial—the 1959 Antarctic Treaty: reflecting on the 50th anniversary of a landmark agreement”, Polar Research, Vol 29, No 2 (2010). --------------------, “Sovereignty watch: claimant states, resources, and territory in contemporary Antarctica”, Polar Record, 47(2011). Marcus Haward, “Australia and the Antarctic Treaty”, Polar Record, No. 46 (2010). Nigel Bonner, “Antarctic Conservation and Management”, Polar Biol, 14(1994), p303-304. Ondřej Vicha, “International Legal Instruments for the Environmental Protection of Antarctica and Their Newest Development”, Czech Yearbook of International Law, Vol.1(2010). Oran R. Young, “If an Anctic Ocean treaty is not a solution, what is the alternative?”, Polar Record, 47(2011). --------------------, “Institutional dynamics: Resilience, vulnerability and adaptation in environmental and resource regimes”, Global Environmental Change, vol. 20 (2010). --------------------, “The Architecture of Global Environmental Governance: Bringing Science to Bear on Policy.”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.8, No.1(2008). --------------------, “The politics of international regime formation: managing natural resources and the environment”, International Organization (1989), vol. 43(03). Paul Arthur Berkman, “Common interests in the international space of Antarctica”, Polar Record, 46(2010). Peter J. Beck, “Fifty Years On: Putting the Antarctic Treaty into the history books”, Polar Record, 46(2010). -----------------, “The United Nations and Antarctica, 2005: the end of the ‘Question of Antarctica’?”, Polar Record, 42(2006). -----------------, “Twenty years on: the UN and the ‘Question of Antarctica,’ 1983–2003”, Polar Record, 40(2004). Philip C. Jessup and Howard J. Taubenfeld, Outer Space, Antarctica, and the United Nations, International Organization, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Summer, 1959). Rip Bulkeley, “The political origins of the Antarctic Treaty”, Polar Record, 46(2010). Rohan Tepper, Marcus Haward, “The Development of Malaysia’s position on Antarctica: 1982-2004”, Polar Record, No. 41 (2005). Stuart B. Kaye, “Southern Ocean Boundaries and Maritime Claims: Another Antarctic Challenge for the Law of the Sea?”, Ocean Development & International Law, No.33 (2002) （三）官方文獻 ATCM, “Antarctic Treaty: Final Report of the Sixteenth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting”, 1991/10/7~18, Part4 annexes p.145~158. ---------, “Final Report of the Thirty-second Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting”, 2009/04/06-17. Final Report of the 14 ATCM, Paris(1989). Manual for the submission of documents to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting and the Committee for Environmental Protection. National Science Foundation (NSF), “The United States in Antarctica: Report of the U. S. Antarctic Program External Panel”. Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities, 1988. United Nations. 1956a. United Nations General Assembly Mimeos. A/3118. 21 February 1956. （四）網站與網路資料 Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, “Antarctic Treaty Parties”, http://www.ats.aq/devAS/ats_parties.aspx?lang=e. ------------------------------------, “Antarctic Treaty system”, http://www.ats.aq/e/ats.htm. Australian Government, “Australia''s maritime boundaries and zones”, http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA3746.pdf. ------------------------------, “Australia''s maritime boundaries and zones”, http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/InternationalLaw_AustraliasMaritimeBoundariesandZones?open&query=un%20confirms%20extended. ------------------------------, “The April Australia''s maritime boundaries and zones map_2008”, http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA3746.pdf. Australian Antarctic Data Centre, “Antarctica: Territorial Claims [Black and white]”, http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=13567. Australian Antarctic Division, http://www.antarctica.gov.au/antarctic-law-and-treaty/our-treaty-obligations/antarctic-territorial-claims. BBC News, “Australia extends rights over sea”, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7358432.stm?lsm. British Antarctica Survey, “Mining in Antarctica”, http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/geopolitical/environmental_issues/mining.php. British Antarctic Territory, http://britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk/en/heritage/. Casey Kazan, “First the Moon, Now Antarctica: China Mapping Bottom of the World in Awesome Detail”, 2009/10/29, http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/10/china-mapping-artarctica-in-unprecendedted-detail.html. Charles Q. Choi, “Alien Species Invading Antarctica via Tourists, Scientists”, National Geographic Daily News, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120305-antarctica-invasive-species-environment-science-tourists. CIA Maps & Publications, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/cia-maps-publications/index.html. CNN於2009年4月新聞片段，美國國務卿希拉蕊（Hillary Clinton）就1959年《南極條約》發表談話，http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/politics/2009/04/06/sot.clinton.antarctic.treaty.cnn?iref=allsearch。 Cohen, H. K. (ed.), Handbook of the Antarctic Treaty System, United States Department of State, Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Report, 2002, 9th ed.. Daniel Price, “Participation: non-Consultative Parties, other components of the system, international organizations”, Antarctic Treaty Handbook, http://www.anta.canterbury.ac.nz/resources/handbook/participation.html. Direccion Nacional del Antartico, http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM. Gobernacion Provincia de Antartica Chilena, http://www.gobernacionantartica.gov.cl/geografia.html. National Geographic education, Continent, http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/continent/?ar_a=1#page=10. National Geographic, http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/life-in-antarctica-quiz/. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/index.php. NORSK POLARINSTITUTT, http://www.npolar.no/no/antarktis/peter-I-oy.html. Terres australes et antarctiques francaises (TAAF), http://www.taaf.fr/La-Terre-Adelie-Antarctique. 聯合國第38/77號決議全文，　http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/442/29/IMG/NR044229.pdf?OpenElement。
摘要: 
　　南、北兩極區塊由於事務上的複雜性及研究上的跨學科性，至今還正致力於發展一個常規與各國皆可接受的專管制度。事實上，南、北兩極在國際法上的性質不同，也讓兩極在專管制度發展上有截然不同的發展方向，但都不脫是國家權力與實體制度的競合關係。
相較於北極區塊，如今南極事務有一個默契上的專管單位，即為「南極條約體系（Antarctica Treaty System, ATS）」。「南極條約體系」由一連串的條約、議定書所規範、組織而成，主要依循1959年簽署、1961年生效的《南極條約（Antarctic Treaty）》作為核心規範架構，並經由依據條約所設的協商會議，作為締約國家當中的協商國交換意見的平台，以及作出南極相關事務決策；此體系在歷次決議與體制內外挑戰的歷史下逐漸發展為現今專管南極事務的單位。此外，南極條約體系是第一個獨立在聯合國體制之外，並由聯合國授意專管某區塊的專管單位。
　　南極條約體系在南極事務上所形塑的「南極默契」，讓體制內成員與體制外國家都能夠遵循體系對於南極事務的相關決策。不過，此體系內的成員國以及體系外國家的挑戰與競逐，再加上條約體系所建立的資源、領土主權主張凍結，都讓此體系事實上充滿許多緊繃氣氛。
本文藉由理解此體系的特殊性質以及發展的歷程，來討論與分析「南極默契」如何在國家合作發展之下進行權力與制度的競合，最後就此體制發展現況以及未來的發展做結。

Due to the sophisticated and interdisciplinary nature of the Arctic and Antarctic regions, the field of international relations has yet to come up with a general way of looking at Polar Regions and the international community is still in search of an appropriate institution for managing these largely untainted areas. The Arctic and Antarctic regions are defined differently under international law, which entails potentially different paths regarding the development of managing institutions.
There’s a specialized management unit in Antarctica, which is “Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)”. ATS consist of a series of treaties, protocols, and conventions, mainly follow the 1959 Antarctic Treaty as the ATS core pillar. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM), which is setting by the Antarctic Treaty, is the idea exchanging platform for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties (ATCPs) and making decisions of Antarctica affairs. This system has had during the history of challenges from exterior and interior, and now become to the specialized management institution of Antarctica affairs. Beside, ATS is the first independent system beside the United Nations (UN), and also the first one specialized management unit of an area which is agrees by the UN.
The Antarctic Consensus that developed from the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) has broached an agreement for states within and without the system to accept and follow the decisions on Antarctic affairs reached in the system. However, competitions among states within and without the system and rejection of resource and sovereign claims by the Antarctic Treaty have caused growing tensions in the system. Through an examination of the ATS development experience and understanding of its characteristic, this article addresses the question of how state competition and cooperation of power and institution under the Antarctic Consensus unfolds. This article seeks to discuss and analysis the ATS development and about the future development of ATS
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/11455/18130
其他識別: U0005-2308201212593200
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