台灣地區施肥現況之調查與分析

Abstract

This study collected the data about fertilizers consumption of farmers, under the policy of rational fertilization pushed by the government. The data help to find out the situation of fertilizers consumption, and to recommend optimum application of fertilizers for various crops. The methods of evaluation are as the following: (1)to collect the questionnaire from the farmers for investigating the presently situation of farmers fertilizers consumption. (2) To analyze the diverged situation of farmers' fertilizers application. (3) To show the types and the proportion of chemical and organic fertilizers. (4) To reveal the ratio of the three elements─N, P, and K in fertilizers application. (5) To make linear planning of fertilizers' cost analysis. (6) To evaluate the savable cost of fertilization. In promoting the policy of rational fertilization, the farmers still used larger than recommend amounts of the fertilizers. These fertilizers consumption were 50% percent more than the recommended amounts. However, there was no relation between the deviation of fertilizers consumption and kinds of the crops. Pingdong and Hualian's deviation of fertilizers consumption was heavy. After the investigation of the usage of the fertilizers, the ratio of the N, P, K fertilizers was similar with the recommended ones. However, the total amount of the farmer's application was over the recommendation. In the process of helping the farmer in choosing chemical and organic fertilizers, we found that, by adjusting the quantity of organic fertilizers, the selected fertilizers remained the same. If we changed the conditions by providing limited organic fertilizers' element, some different kind of fertilizers should appear in the selection. The combination of chemical and organic fertilizers was the best choice. According to the result of liner programming, the increase of organic fertilizer would increase the cost for 3~4 NT dollars per kilogram of the application. Therefore, the decision of farmer for using organic fertilizers were relate to farmer's capital or the consideration of the advantage afterward. In estimating the minimum reduceable cost, we found the best choice was the mono-chemical fertilizer. we can save 40% cost for the non fruit crops and 250% cost for the fruit crops. Among the crops, the egg plant could save about 10000 NT/ha; peat about 87 NT/plant; and wax apple even 100 NT/plant. Suppose that there were 300~400 trees per hectare, the wax apple farmers could save about 30000~40000 NT dollars per hectare. Besides, according to all the collected data for linear programming, we could estimate roughly that the cost of the fertilizer can be saved about 40 billion NT dollars in Taiwan.

本研究希望藉由政府推動合理化施肥之相關政策過程中，能夠彙集農民施肥的相關資料進行分析，來推薦作物之施肥種類的選擇，作為後續建立合理化施肥及相關效益分析的參考。 評估方式有以下幾項：(1)農民之問卷調查，收集目前農民的施肥狀況。(2)統計農民實際施肥量的偏離情形。(3)觀察有機肥施肥之種類及化肥與有機肥之種類與比例。(4)農民施肥之氮、磷酐、氧化鉀之三要素結構的比例。(5)最小成本之肥料線性規劃。(6)推估農民施行合理化施肥之可節省的成本。 結果顯示農民實際之施肥量仍是大於作物的推薦量，其肥料施用量偏離推薦量的百分比大於50%。然而分析各作物與各區域之肥料施用量偏離的情形，結果發現肥料施用量的偏離並沒有與作物種類有何種關聯。但從各區域肥料施用量偏離的情形中，屏東與花蓮二地之肥料施用量偏離的情形較嚴重。 氮、磷、鉀三要素的比例，與作物推薦量之比例相似，應即農民施肥時有按照推薦量之比例施用肥料，只是施用的肥料量超過了推薦的肥料量。 在規劃農民施用化肥與有機肥之調配的過程中，漸次的調高有機肥施用的量，發現線性規劃之結果，所選出的最佳肥料種類都沒有改變。若是將條件改成有機肥需提供之多少養份的限定，會有不同之肥料種類的調配出現。所以最適宜的方式，即為化肥與有機肥的配合施用。 根據線性規劃的結果，增加有機肥之施用量，減少化肥的施用量，所增加的成本等於直接增加有機肥量的成本，約每公斤3~4元左右。因此農民有機肥施用量的決定，可根據農民的所擁有的資本和作物收成後之獲利大小來考量。 推估農民可節省之成本的最小值時，選用單質化學肥料作為肥料施用的種類，能得到最保守之可節省的成本。因此利用單質肥料來推估可節省之肥料施用成本，非果樹類大約可節省40%的肥料施用成本，而果樹就更高每株果樹平均可節省210%的肥料施用成本。 其中幾個較突出的作物，如茄子可節省約10,000元/公頃，梨可節省約87元/株，蓮霧可節省約100元/株。果樹之成本的單位是以每株果樹來計算，若是一公頃田地種植果樹300~400株的話，例如蓮霧，每公頃就可節省30,000~40,000元左右，而且這數字只是最保守的估計。再根據所收集的所有資料，加上線性規劃的方式，可以粗略估計全台灣肥料成本大約可節省40億元左右。