Neuroprotective Effect of Atorvastatin in an Experimental Model of Nerve Crush Injury

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Statins have therapeutic benefits for the management of several disorders. A short-term course of a high-dose statin pretreatment has demonstrated neuroprotective effects against neurological diseases. However, the molecular basis underlying the neuroprotective action of statins remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether a short-term course of high-dose atorvastatin pretreatment has beneficial effects in protecting sciatic nerve from crush injury. METHODS: Atorvastatin (5 mg/kg) or saline was given orally to Sprague-Dawley rats for 7 days before injury. The rats were subjected to crush injury in the left sciatic nerve with a vessel clamp. Biochemical, functional, electrophysiological, and morphological alterations occurring during injury-induced degeneration/regeneration were examined. RESULTS: Atorvastatin improved injury-induced neurobehavioral/electrophysiological changes and axonal loss. Damage-associated alterations, including structural disruption, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, were attenuated by atorvastatin. After injury, regeneration-associated genes, including growth-associated protein-43, myelin basic protein, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and collagen, were upregulated by atorvastatin. The suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, AKT, signal transducer and activators of transcription-1, and necrosis factor-kappa B and the elevated activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, Smad2/3, and activating protein-1 were associated with the neuroprotective action of atorvastatin. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that a short-term course of high-dose atorvastatin pretreatment can protect against sciatic nerve crush injury through modifying intracellular or extracellular environments, making it favorable for regeneration.