Determination of codeine in urine and drug formulations using a clay-modified screen-printed carbon electrode

Abstract

Both flow-injection analysis and square-wave stripping voltammetry were evaluated for the determination of codeine in pharmaceutical formulations using a nontronite clay-modified screen-printed carbon electrode. Compared with a bare screen-printed carbon electrode, the nontronite clay-modified screen-printed carbon electrode exhibited a marked enhancement of the current response of codeine. A linear calibration plot was obtained over the 2.5-45 muM range (correlation coefficient = 0.999) in pH 6.0 phosphate buffer solution with a detection limit of 20 nM (S/N= 3) by square-wave voltammetry (SWV). While, in flow-injection analysis, the linearity was over 5-120 ng range with a detection limit of 1 ng in 20 mul loop. The nontronite clay-modified screen-printed carbon electrode can be either disposable or reused since the renewal gave a good reproducible surface. Quantitative analysis was performed by the standard addition method for codeine content in both urine and commercially available drugs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.