國際社會中和平概念的演變以諾貝爾和平獎得主為例

Abstract

Researchers of peace studies have often suggested that the peace concept exist the comprehensive meaning. However, research which has empirically documented the link between peace concept and the transformation of the history is scant. Therefore, the aim of this article attempts to explore how the transformation of peace studies and the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize are related. This research involved both of the qualitative and quantitative methods approaches. In the first step, the quantitative analysis of the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize data was conducted through of the k-means clustering in order to classify the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize to three period. In the second step, this article use the quantitative analysis to explain the former outcome, three period, by using the British scholar Oliver Richmond's theory, liberal peace model, to interpret the transformation of peace concept . Result of this study showed that the first period focused on the issue of the League of Nations and Locarno Treaties which accorded with the conservative model, the second period focuses on the USA's meditation, the function of UN which accorded with the orthodox model. The third period focused on the emancipation of human being like the promotion of female right, protecting environment issue and human right which accorded with the emancipated model. To conclude, this study may be of importance in interpretation the dynamic relationship between transformation of peace concept and the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, as well as in providing researcher with a better understanding of the peace concept of fact and value.

本文嘗試以諾貝爾和平獎來分析和平概念的演變，在文獻中發現無論是主流的實證性理論或者非主流的後實證性的國際關係關係理論都對於對於和平概念的研究都缺乏廣泛性與完整性。於是本文遂應用英國學者Oliver P. Richmond的自由和平模型(liberal peace model)來解釋諾貝爾和平獎中和平之概念的演變。在研究方法中本文透過質性與量化並重的方法來來研究和平概念的變遷，首先，先透過機器學習中的K-mean分群演算法將諾貝爾和平獎得主分類，筆者按照整個20世界歷史中不同體系的脈絡將20世紀的歷史大致劃分為三個時期，分別是:兩次大戰時期、冷戰時期、後冷戰時期。分類後，再透質性方法將其和平概念加以描述與詮釋。 在兩次大戰時期的分類中，在歷屆和平獎得主中發現兩次大戰時期，諾貝爾和平獎得主分別聚焦在羅家諾公約締結與國際聯盟運作，這兩個議題大致符合自由和平模型中的保守型模型(conservative model)。在冷戰時期的分類中，在文獻中發現冷戰時期的諾貝爾和平獎則聚焦在美國斡旋下的談判，聯合國的運作、非政府組織的運作。大致符合自由和平模型中的傳統型模型(orthodox model)。在冷戰後時期的分類中，在歷屆和平獎得主中主要集中非暴力的運動、女權的提升、環境的維護，這三個議題大致符合自由和平模型中的解放型模型(emancipated model)。 結論，本文發現諾貝爾和平獎的和平概念主要是從過去的保守模型讓渡到傳統模型最後在演進至解放型模型。這種意涵代表著國家主權的崩解，超越國界的各種權利開始逐漸被重視。