從敦煌具註曆日到寺廟安太歲：太歲以下諸神體系的起源與演變趨勢

Abstract

Evolved since Tang Dynasty, in the folk culture of divination, a spirit system of ＂Tai-Sui＂ has become common practices in Taiwan temples of pacifying ＂tai-sui＂, this article based on its modern practices will name it as ＂Tai-Sui gods.＂ Collected and compared previous literatures, this author has found that a spirit system of ＂Tai-Sui＂ had been established since Tang Dynasty and diversified afterwards. In Five Dynasties the system began to change; in early Song Dynasty a dramatic change occurred when more Tai-Sui spirits were brought in. Ming Dynasty was a period of consolidation, which numbers of spirits have been reduced to ten kinds and the spirits recorded in a variety of literature are almost the same. In Qing Dynasty, ＂Xie Ji Bian Fang Shu＂, integrating the ancient and modern divinations, has resulted in that the rare Spirits Theory had again been applied in Numerology. In the first half of 20th century, an integrate and relatively stable Tai-Sui gods system is popular in Taiwan, but yet since the 21st century, commercial factors resulted in collapse and radical changes of this system. While mass cultures of Tang Dynasty identified, trends generalized from ＂Tai-Sui Gods＂ can be utilized to refer to the literatures written in unknown age. Therefore, the author believes that the part of ＂Tai-Sui Gods＂ in ＂Chisongzi Chapter Calendar＂ was written after Five Dynasty, and the relevant part of ＂Zhang Guo Xing Zong＂ was written between in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

從唐代至今，庶民的數術文化中，存在一種以「太歲」為首的神煞體系，此體系千百年來經過不斷演變，到今日成為臺灣寺廟宣傳民眾安太歲的依據，本文依據現代常見的情況，權將之稱為「太歲以下諸神」。本文蒐羅了歷代的相關文獻，進行排列比較，從中可發現太歲神煞體系大約在盛唐已經基本確立。「太歲以下諸神」自唐代以後隨著時代有著多元的發展，其趨勢大約是盛唐確立此體系後，唐末五代開始變化，到宋初則有劇烈的改變，新增了大量的太歲神煞。明代則是剔簡的整合期，將神煞數目限縮在十種上下，並且各種文獻所現神煞大體相同。清代由於《協紀辨方書》集成古今數術的影響，在命理實務中罕見的神煞再度被掘出。二十世紀的前半，相對穩定的十二種太歲神體系完整流行於臺灣，但二十一世紀以來此體系在商業因素下瀕臨崩潰，展開了新一波的巨變。「太歲以下諸神」除可瞥見唐代以來庶民文化的一個側面之外，依據所歸納而出的發展趨勢，還能作為成書時代不明的文獻的考察參照。由此，本文認為《赤松子章曆》中有關「太歲以下諸神」的部分應作於五代以後，而《張果星宗》的相關部分則應作於宋元之間，此二書皆經累代增寫。